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Technical Glossary
專有名詞
A Acetic Acid

乙酸,也叫醋酸,是一種有機化合物,被公認為食醋內酸味及刺激性氣味的來源。純的無水乙酸(冰醋酸)是無色的吸濕性液體,凝固點為16.7 °C (62 °F) ,凝固後為無色晶體。儘管根據乙酸在水溶液中的離解能力它是一個弱酸,但是乙酸是具有腐蝕性的,其蒸汽對有刺激性作用。
乙酸是一種簡單的羧酸,是一個重要的化學試劑。在化學工業中,它被用來製造聚對苯二甲酸乙二酯,後者即飲料瓶的主要部分。乙酸也被用來製造電影膠片所需要的乙酸纖維素和纖維膠水中的聚乙酸乙烯酯,以及很多合成纖維和織物。家用的乙酸稀溶液經常被用來除銹食品工業方面,在食品添加劑列表E260中,乙酸是規定的一種酸性校準物


Acetic Acid(檔案)
滑鼠右鍵下載
  AD Converter 數位類比轉換
Successive-approximation AD converter.gif
 
 

AWG

American wire gauge
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

American wire gauge (AWG), also known as the Brown & Sharpe wire gauge, is a standardized wire gauge system used since 1857 predominantly in the United States for the diameters of round, solid, nonferrous, electrically conducting wire. The cross-sectional area of each gauge is an important factor for determining its current-carrying capacity.

 
     
B    
 

BTUBritish Thermal Unit.  Energy required to heat one pound of water from 59º F to 60º F.

1 BTU = .000293 KWh (Kilowatt Hour).

BTU Content

Fuel Oil (1 gallon)

140,000 BTUs

Propane (1 gallon)

91,800 BTUs

Propane (1 pound)

21,650 BTUs

Butane (1 gallon)

102,400 BTUs

Butane (1 pound)

21,500 BTUs

Kilowatt Hour

3,413 BTUs

 
  BAROMETER – device for measuring atmospheric pressure.  
C    
 

Carbon monoxide detector

A 'carbon monoxide detector is a device that detects the presence of the toxic gas.

Early designs were basically a white or beige element which would fade to a brownish or blackish color if carbon monoxide were present. As carbon monoxide (CO) related deaths rose during the 1990s, audible alarms became the norm.

It is important to know that CO detectors do not serve as smoke detectors and vice versa. (The only exception to this is dual smoke/CO detectors) When an alarm sounds, action must be taken immediately. This may include evacuating the premise if experiencing CO poisoning symptoms (headaches, nausea, dizziness, vomiting, etc), ventilation of the premises, and contacting professionals to inspect CO emitting sources.

Biomimetic

A biomimetic (chem-optical or gel cell) sensor works with a form of synthetic hemoglobin which darkens in the presence of CO, and lightens without it. This can either be seen directly or connected to a light sensor and alarm.

Electrochemical

A fuel cell which converts carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide and triggers a current and alarm

Semiconductor

Thin wires of the semiconductor tin dioxide on an insulating ceramic base provide a sensor monitored by an integrated circuit. CO reduces resistance and so allows a greater current which if high enough will lead to the monitor triggering an alarm.

 
  Catalysis
In chemistry and biology, catalysis is the acceleration (increase in rate) of a chemical reaction by means of a substance, called a catalyst, that is itself not consumed by the overall reaction. The word is derived from the Greek noun κατάλυσις, related to the verb καταλύειν, meaning to annul or to untie or to pick up.

In Chinese, the symbol for the "catalyst" is the same as for "marriage broker" - which is exactly how catalysts can be thought of: a substance that brings molecules together in a reaction without getting involved in the reaction, or marriage, and can be used repeatedly without affecting the overall reaction.

 
  CATALYST – a chemical that accelerates chemical reaction: a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself undergoing any change.  
  CATALYTIC
involving or causing an increase in the rate of a chemical reaction by the use of a catalyst.
 
 

CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2)
a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas that is about one and one-half times as dense as air under ordinary conditions of temperature and pressure. It does not burn, and under normal conditions, is stable, inert and nontoxic. Although it is not a poison, it can cause death by suffocation if inhaled in large amounts.

Carbon dioxide occurs in nature both free and in combination.  It is part of the atmosphere, making up about 1% of the volume of dry air. Because it is a product of combustion of carbonaceous fuels (e.g., coal, coke, fuel oil, gasoline, and cooking gas), there is usually more of it in city air than in country air. The natural balance of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is growing from its stable level of 0.13% to a predicted 0.14% by the year 2000. It is anticipated that this extra carbon dioxide will fuel the greenhouse effect, warm the atmosphere, and further disrupt the natural carbon dioxide cycle

 
 

COMBUSTION EFFICIENCY
a measurement (in percent) of how well heating equipment converts fuel into useable heat energy.  Complete combustion efficiency (100%) would extract all the energy available in the fuel, though this not realistically achievable due to stack loss and boiler shell losses.  Combustion efficiency calculations assume complete fuel combustion and the following three factors: 

  • The chemistry of the fuel (the proportions of hydrogen, carbon, oxygen and other compounds) and how much energy is chemically bound in the fuel.

  • The net temperature of the stack gases or how much heat is not being used.

  • The percentage of oxygen (O2) or carbon dioxide (CO2) by volume after the combustion process or how much O2 did the fuel completely burn.

 
  CONDENSATE – water vapor condensing into water.  
  CSA (Canadian Standards Association) -- a not-for-profit membership-based association serving business, industry, government and consumers in Canada and the global marketplace.  The organization works in Canada and around the world to develop standards that address real needs, such as enhancing public safety and health, advancing the quality of life, helping to preserve the environment, and facilitating trade.  
D    
 

DVI -- The Digital Visual Interface (DVI) is a video connector designed to maximize the visual quality of digital display devices such as flat panel LCD computer displays and digital projectors. It was developed by an industry consortium, the Digital Display Working Group (DDWG).
http://www.pacificcable.com/DVI_Tutorial.htm

The DVI [Digital Visual Interface] is a standard for high-speed, high-resolution digital displays. Below is a 24 Pin DVI Female connector seen at the Computer. The connector diagram and pin-out table show a DVI-I Digital and Analog [RGB]; 29 pins [modified D style] connector. A DVI-D Digital only connector with 24 pins [modified D style] looks about the same with out the 4 analog 'C' pins.

The DVI interface is found on a number of devices including TVs, Computers, Monitors, and Video cards.

Digital Visual Interface was developed by the Digital Display Working Group (DDWG).

Digital Video Broadcasting/Digital Audio-Visual Council (DVB/DAVIC), developed by DAVIC and DVB and adopted by European Telecommunication Standards Institute (ETSI) and International Telecommunication Union (ITU)

DVI has a number of different types connectors:
DVI-D Digital only connector; 24 pins [modified D style];
DVI-A Analog only; [modified D style], I don't think this is part of the standard
DVI-I Digital and Analog [RGB]; 29 pins [modified D style]
DFP Digital Flat Panel, Digital only connector. Pinout is listed on the DFP page


DVI Pinout Table

29 pin DVI Connector PinOut and Signal Names
Pin # Signal Name Pin # Signal Name Pin # Signal Name
1 TMDS Data2- 9 TMDS Data1- 17 TMDS Data0-
2 TMDS Data2+ 10 TMDS Data1+ 18 TMDSData0+
3 TMDS Data2/4 Shield 11 TMDS Data1/3 Shield 19 TMDS Data0/5 Shield
4 TMDS Data4- 12 TMDS Data3- 20 TMDS Data5-
5 TMDS Data4+ 13 TMDS Data3+ 21 TMDS Data5+
6 DDC Clock [SCL] 14 +5 V Power 22 TMDS Clock Shield
7 DDC Data [SDA] 15 Ground (for +5 V) 23 TMDS Clock +
8 Analog vertical sync 16 Hot Plug Detect 24 TMDS Clock -
C1 Analog Red -- -- -- --
C2 Analog Green -- -- -- --
C3 Analog Blue -- -- -- --
C4 Analog Horizontal Sync -- -- -- --
C5 Analog GND Return: (analog R, G, B) -- -- -- --

The pinout table above provides the pin out for a DVI-I connector, supporting both digital and analog signals. Single Link DVI uses 12 of the available pins providing a maximum bandwidth of 165MHz. Single Link connectors do not use pins 4, 5, 12, 13, 20 and 21. Dual link DVI is implemented when all 24 pins are used providing 2 x 165MHz bandwidth. The analog signal are implemented by the 'micro-cross' pins; C1 - C5.
The DDC interface pins use the I2C interface bus, as DDC Data for SDA, and DDC Clock as SCL.
TMDS; Transition Minimized Differential Signaling
The DVI-I connector may be used with a VGA connector by way of an adapter, while the DVI-D [Digital only] is not compatible.

Digital Visual Interface


 
E    
  EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) -- EPA leads the nation's environmental science, research, education and assessment efforts. It works to develop and enforce regulations that implement environmental laws enacted by Congress. It is also responsible for researching and setting national standards for a variety of environmental programs, and delegates to states and tribes the responsibility for issuing permits and for monitoring and enforcing compliance. Where national standards are not met, EPA can issue sanctions and take other steps to assist the states and tribes in reaching the desired levels of environmental quality.  The EPA also conducts environmental research and sponsors voluntary partnerships and programs.  
     
F    
  FLOW RATE – The rate a liquid flows through a pipe or plumbing fixture, typically measured in gallons per minute or hour (GPM/GPH).  
  FOSSIL FUEL -- A hydrocarbon deposit, such as petroleum, coal, or natural gas, derived from living matter of a previous geologic time and used for fuel.  All fossil fuels produce carbon dioxide when burned and are a main cause of air pollution. (See greenhouse effect.)  
     
G    
  GPM/GPH – gallons per minute or gallons per hour -- a measure of the amount of water flowing through a fixture or pipe.  
 

GPRS是Gerneral Packer Radio Service的英文縮寫,中文譯為通用無線分組業務,具體來講,GPRS是一項高速資料處理的科技,即以分組的“形式”把資料傳送到用戶手上。因此,GPRS技術可以令手機上網省時、省力、省花費。打個比方,GPRS就好比移動通信設備的ADSL,而GSM就是普通固定電話線。

GPRS技術特性與優點目前,基於GSM發展出的中、高速無線數據通訊解決方案中,有高速電路數據交換(HSCSD)及一般分封無線服務(GPRS)。前者較適合用於需即時傳送資料,而且大量使用ISDN及傳統電話數據機的應用場合,但在無線電資源的利用上很不經濟而且價格昂貴,目前並未廣泛使用。而對於大量具有突發性的無線數據通訊而言,基於分封交換數據通訊技術基礎的GPRS,則有明顯的技術優勢存在:

(一)始終連線、按流量計費:

用戶可以始終保持與IP網路或其他數據網路的連接,快速進行數據通訊,並且按實際數據通訊的流量付費,能夠反應實際使用網路及無線電頻率資源的多寡。

(二)共享通道、頻率利用率高:

多個GPRS用戶還可以共享同一個無線通道,而同一用戶也可同時使用多個通道,因此GPRS用戶的實際數據通訊速率十分靈活,可以低於100Kbps,也可以高達171.2Kbps。除此之外,GPRS用戶甚至還具有上、下行不對稱的數據通訊能力,系統完全可以動態地分配無線電通道資源,相當具有彈性,更可以由此提供更多的增值服務,取得更大的經濟效益。

Q:GPRS與GSM比較有什麼優勢?
A:相對於GSM的9.6kbps的訪問速度而言,GPRS擁有171.2kbps的訪問速度;在連接建立時間方面,GSM需要10-30秒,而GPRS只需要極短的時間就可以訪問到相關請求;而對於費用而言,GSM是按連接時間計費的,而GPRS只需要按資料流量計費;GPRS對於網路資源的利用率而相對遠遠高於GSM。

Q:GPRS+WAP對我們意味著什麼?
A:GPRS與WAP組合是當前令“手機上網”邁上新臺階的最佳實施方案:GPRS是強大的底層傳輸,WAP則作為高層應用,如果把WAP比作飛馳的車輛,那麼GPRS就是寬闊暢通的高速公路,任您在無線的資訊世界中隨意馳騁。

Q:GPRS有什麼突出的優點?
A:三大突出優點是:
  (1)高速資料傳輸
速度10倍於GSM,更可滿足您的理想需求,還可以穩定地傳送大容量的高質量音頻與視頻檔,可謂不一般的巨大進步。

環保監測網GPRS應用說明連結

GPRS Modem
GPRS Modem

GPRS Module
GPRS Module

  (Grounding Conductor)接地線  
 

GSM
全球移動通訊系統Global System of Mobile communication就是眾所周知的GSM,是當前應用最為廣泛的行動電話標準。全球超過200個國家和地區超過10億人正在使用GSM電話。GSM標準的無處不在性使通過"漫遊協定"在行動電話運營商之間自由漫遊變得很平常。 GSM 較之它以前的標準最大的不同是他的信令和語音通道都是數位式的,因此GSM被看作是 第二代 (2G)行動電話系統

 
     
H HART Protocal What is HART?  
     
I IP Share (IP分享器)
IP分享器設定方法說明相關網站連結
鳥哥的 Linux 與 ADSL私房菜(連線分享頻寬方法的建議)
 
     
J    
     
K    
     
L    
     
M    
     
N    
     
O    
     
P    
 

PLC
Programmable Logic Controller.

可程式邏輯控制器

它是一種即時系統有別於個人電腦傳統式以繼電器為主的電機控制系統中, 每當變更設計時,整個系統幾乎都要重新製作, 不但費時又費力;同時由於繼電器還有接點接觸不良、磨損、體積大之缺點, 因此造成成本升高、可靠性低、不易檢修等問題.為了改善這些缺點, 美國DEC在1969年首度發表:可程式控制器(Programmable Controller).

程式控制器在發表初期被稱為(Programmable Logic -Controller)簡稱PLC, 最先的目的是取代繼電器,執行繼電器邏輯及其他計時或計數等功能的順序控制為主, 所以也稱順序控制器,其結構也像一部微電腦,所以也可稱為微電腦可程式控制器(MCPC),直到1976年,美國電機製造協會正式給予命名為Programmable Controller, 即可程式控制器,簡稱PC,由於目前個人電腦(Personal Computer)極為普遍, 加上常與可程式控制器配合使用,為了區分兩者, 所以一般都稱可程式控制器為PLC 以加以分別.
目前市面上之PLC種類繁多,依照製造廠商及適用場所的不同而有所差異, 但是每種廠牌可依機組複雜度分為大、中、小型;而一般工廠及學校通常使用小型PLC, 其中以日系MITSUBISHI三菱F系列及我國士林電機所生產之A系列PLC較受國人愛用.
而本CAI將以三菱FX2 PLC 為主加以介紹,望使用者能對PLC有更深的瞭解, 在使用PLC時能更得心應手.
可程式控制器內部基本結構可用下圖來表示, 其內部處單元包括CPU、輸入模組、輸出模組三大部門, PLC的CPU 會經由輸入模組取得輸入元件所產生的訊號, 再從記憶體中逐一取出原先以程式書寫器中輸入的控制指令, 經由運算部門邏輯演算後,再將結果過輸出模組加以驅動外在的輸出元件.

PLC 內部結構圖
程式輸入裝置: 負責提供操作者輸入、修改、監視程式用作的功能中央處理單元(CPU): 負責PLC管理、執行、運算、控制等功能程式記憶體: 負責儲存使用者設計的順序程式參數及註解等.
資料記憶體: 負責儲存輸入、輸出裝置的狀態及順序程式的轉換資料.系統記憶體: 儲存PLC執行順序控制所需的系統程式. 輸入回路: 負責接收外部輸入元件信號. 輸出回路: 負責接收外部輸出元件信號. 在工業用途非常廣範,如半導體晶圓廠的各種自動化設備的控制,大樓電梯,機械停車設備 ,路邊的紅綠燈變換控制,自動化生產線 。

 
 

Printer Share印表機(打印機)分享設定
Windows作業系統檔案及打印机分享資訊連結 滑鼠按Download下載
同域網路中的電腦打印机分享中文圖說連結

Internet Printer Share網際網路印表機(打印機)分享設定
你可以在網際網路列印必備需求如下列舉:
*印表機必須設定分享
*印表機伺服機端必須安裝下列軟體
--Windown_2000_server 及 Microsoft IIS.
-- 電腦系統為 Win2000pro 及 Microsoft peer web services or Win_XP
*IE4.0 或之後版本
----------------------------
使用IE瀏覽器連結至印表機
開起IE瀏覽器然後鍵入http://伺服機名稱/印表機 然後點選連結你要連結的印表機
或者使用印表機精靈連結-->點選"開始"-->"控制台"-->"印表機"-->然後連續點兩下"新增印表機"-->然後點選網路印表機-->"點選連線到網際網路、家用或公司網路的飲表機"鍵入http://伺服機名稱/印表機/分享名稱/印表機

  Pressure常用壓力轉換 unit-conversion
對照表 sengpielaudio
Alart
Q    
     
R RS-232通訊線接腳Pin定義說明 Link1  
     
S SOLDERING 焊錫作業  
 

SCADA
Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition

什麼是 SCADA / HMI ?
SCADA 是 Supervisor Control And Data Acquisition 的縮寫,而 HMI 是 Human Machine Interface 的簡稱。望文生義,SCADA/HMI 系統便是透過電腦 (或 PLC) 及使用者介面進行程序控制和資料擷取。舉個例子來說,在一座工廠裡頭,我們要蒐集工廠各個區域的溫度、濕度以及工廠中機台的狀態等等的資訊,透過一台主控器監視並記錄這些參數,並在一些意外狀況發生的時候能夠加以處理,這便是一個很典型的 SCADA/HMI 的運用。一般而言,SCADA/HMI 系統必須有幾項基本的能力:

1.即時的資料趨勢顯示 - 把擷取的資料立即顯示在螢幕上。
2.自動記錄資料 - 自動將資料儲存至資料庫中,以便日後查看。
3.警報的產生與紀錄 - 使用者可以定義一些警報產生的條件,比方說溫度過高 或壓力超過臨界值,在這樣的條件下系統會產生警報,通知作業員處理。
4.歷史資料趨勢顯示 - 把資料庫中的資料作視覺化的呈現。
5.報表的產生與列印 - 能把資料轉換成報表的格式,並能夠列印出來。
6.圖形介面控制 - 操作者能夠透過圖形介面直接控制機台等裝置。

 
     
  Silane

矽烷,也稱矽烷,是化學式SiH4的一種化合物。它的結構與甲烷類似,只是用矽取代了甲中的。在室溫下,矽烷是一種易燃的氣體,在空氣中,無需外加火源,矽烷就可以自燃。但是有學者認為,矽烷本身是很穩定的,在自然狀態下,是以聚合物的狀態存在的。在超過420攝氏度的環境下,矽烷會分解成矽和氫因此矽烷可以被用來提純矽。

廣義的矽烷指的是碳烷烴的矽取代類似物。構成矽烷烴的是一條矽原子連結形成的主鏈和以共價鍵連結在主鏈上的氫原子。 矽烷烴的化學式通式為:SinH2n+2。相比於與之相對應的碳烷烴,矽烷烴的穩定性要差一些,這主要是因為C-C鍵的強度要略強於相應的Si-Si鍵,另外,由於Si-O鍵非常穩定,因此氧氣很容易使矽烷烴降解。

對矽烷烴的命名有一定之規可以遵循,英文的命名是在silane前面加上表示矽原子數的首碼(di, tri, tetra等等) ,中文的命名規則與碳烷烴非常接近,由十個以內矽原子組成的矽烷按照天干命名,十個以上的則直接用數字命名。按照這樣的規則Si2H6的中文名稱為乙矽烷,英文名稱為「disilane」,Si3H8的中文名稱為丙矽烷,英文名稱為「trisilane」,而由一個矽構成的矽烷烴,在英文中沒有首碼,被稱作「silane」而在中文中就被稱作矽烷。另外矽烷烴還可以按照無機物的命名規則來命名,如SiH4可以命名為四氫化矽,顯然對於由很多矽構成的長鏈矽烷烴,按照無機物命名是非常繁瑣的。

環烷烴一樣,環矽烷烴就是形成環狀的矽烷烴。和碳烷烴一樣,在矽烷烴中也有可能出現支鏈結構,SiH3-基團可以命名為矽甲基,Si2H5-的命名為矽乙基,其他矽烷烴基團的命名依此類推,套用碳烷烴中側鏈基團的命名方式。

矽烷烴上也可以連結功能基團,這一點也是和碳烷烴非常類似的性質。比如在矽烷烴上連結羥基就會形成矽醇,連結羰基就會形成矽酮等等。

Silane(檔案)
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